| William Stewart Simkins | |
|---|---|
|
File:Cadet William S. Simpkins.JPG Photographed as a cadet | |
| Born |
August 25, 1842 Edgefield, South Carolina |
| Died |
February 27, 1929 (aged 86) Austin, Texas |
| Occupation | Professor of law |
| Spouse(s) | Lizzie Ware |
William Stewart Simkins (August 25, 1842–February 27, 1929) was a professor of law at the University of Texas at Austin.[1] As a military cadet, he quite possibly fired the first shot of the American Civil War[2]though that designation has been traditionally reserved for Edmund Ruffin, the agricultural pioneer from Virginia and a strong secessionist.
Early life[]
His parents were Eldred James and Pattie Simkins. He entered the Citadel, a South Carolina military academy, in 1856.[3]
Role in U.S Civil War[]
At daybreak on January 9, 1861, Simkins saw the signal from a guard boat, and sounded the alarm in the sand battery, alerting his fellow cadets to the arrival of the Union ship the Star of the West, which was attempting to ferry supplies to Fort Sumter. The cadets fired the first shots of the American Civil War.[4] The Daily Courier at first said he had fired the first shot, although the official account later blamed a local youth named G. E. Haynesworth.[5]
The cadets were graduated early on April 9.[4] On the morning of April 12, 1861, Simkins, on duty near Charleston Harbor, participated in the bombardment of Fort Sumter, the first battle of the war.[1][6][7]
He was commissioned as a first lieutenant of artillery.[3] He oversaw a battery during the First Battle of Charleston Harbor on April 7, 1863.[8] He is mentioned on September 19, 1863 as the inspector general for General Hagood.[9] Simkins surrendered as a colonel in the army of Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina in 1865.[3]
Post war activities[]
After the war he went to Monticello, Florida, where he and his brother, Eldred J. Simkins, organized the Florida Ku Klux Klan.[3]
Simkins married Lizzie Ware on February 10, 1870. They had five children.[3]
Simkins was admitted to the bar in 1870 and moved to Texas in 1873 where he practiced law at Corsicana. In 1885 he and his brother began a practice in Dallas.[3] In 1894 he was, alongside Texas Attorney General Charles Allen Culberson, an appellant in two cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, Reagan v. Mercantile Trust Co. and Reagan v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.[10]
Professorship[]
Simkins joined the law faculty of the University of Texas in 1899.[3]
Peregrinus, the mascot of the University of Texas School of Law, came from his course on Equity, after a drowsing student, Russell Savage, awoke halfway through Simkins's discussion of Roman law to the word "peregrinus" scrawled on the blackboard. Not understanding the context to Roman citizenship or a type of praetor, Savage made the first doodle of the four legged duck-billed creature.[11]
Simkins was himself nicknamed "Old Peregrinoos." First-year law students were known as "Simkins's Jackasses," and later by the initialism J.A.[3]
His publications became standard textbooks in law schools in and beyond Texas. The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, conferred an honorary doctorate of civil law upon him in 1913.[3]
Simkins gave a yearly speech each Thanksgiving in which he decried Northern carpetbaggers who, he suggested, helped promote a culture of poverty among freed slaves, and proclaimed his belief that the South had overcome its racist past and had arisen once again as an economic powerhouse.[12]
He became professor emeritus in 1923, but continued to lecture once a week until his death. He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Dallas.
The UT Simkins Hall dormitory was named in his honor.[13] The two-story dormitory was constructed near Waller Creek in the 1950s.[14]In 2010, UT changed the name to Creekside Residence Hall in the light of recently rediscovered disclosures of Simkins's role as the co-founder of the Florida Ku Klux Klan.[15] University President William Powers, Jr., endorsed the change on July 12, 2010.[16]The regents also changed the name "Simkins Park", a green space next to the dormitory which had been named for Simkins's brother, Eldred James Simkins of Corsicana, who served on the UT board from 1882-1893[17] and had reputed Klan ties.[14]The African American trustee, Printice L. Gary (born 1946) of Dallas, made the motion, approved unanimously, to delete the name "Simkins" from the dormitory: "From time to time we are reminded of ugly periods in our nation's history regarding civil rights. The history behind the name is not in line wih today's University of Texas an its core values."[14]Gregory Vincent, UT vice president for diversity and community engagement, said that the Simkins Hall sign would be removed by July 16.[14]
Partial bibliography[]
 |
Wikisource has original works written by or about: William Stewart Simkins |
- Equity as Applied in the State and Federal Courts of Texas (1903)
- Contracts and Sales (1905)
- Administration of Estates in Texas (1908)
- A Federal Suit in Equity (1909)
- A Federal Suit at Law (1912)
- Title by Limitations in Texas (1924)
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Monday, March 11, 1929 (notices)". Time Magazine. 1929-03-11. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,846301,00.html.
- ↑ Harvey, Bill (2003). Texas Cemeteries: The Resting Places of Famous, Infamous, and Just Plain Interesting Texans. University of Texas Press. pp. 101. ISBN 0292734662.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 "The Handbook of Texas Online: SIMKINS, WILLIAM STEWART". Texas State Historical Association. 2001-06-06. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/SS/fsi12.html.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Conrad, James Lee (2004). The Young Lions: Confederate Cadets at War. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 32. ISBN 157003575X.
- ↑ Badders, Hurley E. (2006). Remembering South Carolina's Old Pendleton District. The History Press. ISBN 1596291974.
- ↑ Snowden, Yates; Harry Gardner Cutler (1920). History of South Carolina. II. Chicago and New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 861.
- ↑ His brief Times obituary puts him as firing the opening mortar here, an act usually ascribed to Edmund Ruffin, or Henry S. Farley; it seems likely sources have confused this with the January events.
- ↑ Moore, Frank; Edward Everett (1863). The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events. sixth. New York: G. P. Putnam. pp. 513–4.
- ↑ Manigault, Edward (1996). Warren Ripley. ed. Siege Train: The Journal of a Confederate Artilleryman in the Defense of Charleston. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 45. ISBN 1570031274.
- ↑ "REAGAN v. MERCANTILE TRUST CO, 154 U.S. 413 (1894)". U.S. Supreme Court. 1894-05-26. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?friend=nytimes&court=us&vol=154&invol=413.
- ↑ Benedict, Harry Yandell (2005). Peregrinusings: A Queer Title for Some Moronic Essays. Kessinger Publishing. pp. ix. ISBN 1417997613.
- ↑ Simkins, William Stewart (June 1916). "Why The Klu Klux". The Alcalde. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Why_the_Ku_Klux.
- ↑ Durbin, John R.; Teresa Palomo Acosta (2001-01-18). "In Memoriam: William S. Simkins". University of Texas Faculty Council. http://www.utexas.edu/faculty/council/2000-2001/memorials/AMR/Simkins/simkins.html.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Klan name gone from UT dorm", Laredo Morning Times, July 16, 2010, p. 6A
- ↑ "University of Texas Considers Renaming Dorm After KKK Link Found". foxnews.com. 2010-05-24. http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/05/24/university-texas-considers-renaming-dorm-kkk-link.
- ↑ "President Wants University of Texas to Drop KKK Dorm Name". National Ledger. July 12, 2010. http://www.nationalledger.com/ledgerdc/article_272633194.shtml. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ↑ "Eldred James Simkins". utsystem.edu. http://www.utsystem.edu/bor/former_regents/regents/Simkins/. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
External links[]
Thomas D. Russell, "‘Keep the Negroes Out of Most Classes Where There Are a Large Number of Girls’: The Unseen Power of the Ku Klux Klan and Standardized Testing at The University of Texas, 1899-1999"